A dependent vowel sign is used to represent the V in CV units where V is not the inherent vowel. Consonant letters by themselves constitute a CV unit, where the V is an inherent vowel. The typical unit of the orthography is the orthographic syllable, consisting of a consonant and vowel (CV) core and, optionally, one or more preceding consonants. Until the adoption of the metric system, Telugu used a complicated system for writing fractions, with dedicated symbols that were combined in various ways. Telugu has native number digits but doesn't often use them in modern texts. However, the circumgraph decomposes in NFD. There are no composite vowels, in principle. There are 12 independent vowels, one for each vowel sound, including the inherent vowel, and these are used to write all standalone vowel sounds. All vowel signs are combining marks, and are stored after the base character. The Hindi orthography has an inherent vowel, and represents vowels using 11 vowel signs, including no pre-bases and 1 circumgraph. Syllable-final consonant sounds may be represented by 2 dedicated combining marks ( anusvara & visarga), but are generally ordinary consonants that are not marked by a virama. Gemination is quite common.Īs part of a cluster, RA is formed in the same way as other conjuct members in the modern orthography, however historically there was a special behaviour. Some conjuncts are formed from conjoined pairs where the second letter is reduced and extends below the baseline. Many subjoined forms rise above the baseline to the right of the initial consonant, but any vowel signs attached to the cluster appear above or to the right of the initial consonant (which may be between the two consonant glyphs in the latter case). The subjoined version loses the hook, and in about 50% of cases is transformed. ❯ clustersĬonjuncts are fairly regular and nearly always consist of a full-form initial consonant followed by a subjoined version of the second. This results in a large number of conjunct forms expressed using half-forms, stacked consonants, and ligated glyphs. ❯ consonantsĬonsonant clusters at any location are normally indicated using the virama between consonants. Telugu text runs left-to-right in horizontal lines.ģ5 consonant letters are used for Telugu and one vocalic letter. The hook is removed to accommodate superscript vowel signs and the virama. It also differs in the replacement of the flat, joining headstroke with a hook above the top of many characters. The script is visually different from scripts like Devanagari and Bengali due to the rounded bases of the letters, which sit on rather hanging from a baseline. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the modern Telugu orthography. Consonants carry an inherent vowel which can be modified by appending vowel signs to the consonant. See vowel_encoding for possible variant encoding approaches to vowel signs and independent vowels. From then until recently, Telugu was a literary language, reflecting an archaic spoken form, but it was altered to support modern communication in the second half of the 20th century. This script and Kannada (which is similar enough for people who can read one to be able to read the other) both developed together from the Brahmi script, but diverged around the 13th century. It is also used for a number of minority languages, and other neighbouring Indian states. The Telugu script is used for writing the Telugu language, a Dravidian language spoken by almost 70,000,000 people in South India, and the official language of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
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